So far, we have introduced the simplest and most abundant atomic nucleus --that of the Hydrogen consisting of a single proton. However, the situation complicates itself immensely when we consider nuclei containing more than one proton. And that is because of their periodic outflux bursts, protons by repelling themselves will not be able to form a stable unit.

In the current speculative "new" Physics, to overcome the impasse created by the repelling protons, it was postulated, out-of-the-blue, the existence of a so-called "strong force" capable of keeping them together. That speculative force, of unknown origin, acting only at a short distance, was purported to be mediated by another speculative particle [sic!] --the meson coined in 1934-36 by Hideki Yukawa in conjunction with Werner Heisenberg.

In TRUTON, it goes without saying, that such a speculative approach is both pathetic and repugnant.

Example of the simplest stability configuration.

In introducing the protons (PRs), we have recognized that only equiphased protons repel themselves. The outphased protons, on the other hand, attract themselves. The problem however is that when two outphased protons are in contact, they both become equiphased. As such, to preserve their respective outphased states, protons must be separated by neutral buffer bridges that neutrons (NTs) can provide.

Doubled Interlinked Bridge (DIB).

A neutron (NT) in contact and positioned between two (2) protons is said to form an interlink with them and call that singular interlink the neutron buffer (neb) link (neblink). If two (2) protons are interlinked with two (2) neblinks, then they are said to be interconnected with a doubled interlinked bridge (DIB). A DIB (that contains two neblinks) between two protons, offers for them obviously a much stronger and resilient interlink than the one of a single neblink.

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In an atomic nucleus, called nucletron (or in short, a NUC), its protons are said to be interconnected through their neblinks. (Using a mathematical jargon, we say that the protons of a NUC are all interconnected modulo neblinks.) In general, for a NUC to be stable, its protons and neutrons must arrange themselves in such a way that each proton-pair be interconnected with a DIB. A rare exception however exists for Helium whose two protons, can be interlinked only with one neblink, to form the rare stable NUC of the Helium-3. The most common stable variant of Helium being however, as expected from TRUTON, the Helium-4 whose two protons are interconnected with a DIB rather than with a neblink.

Recap On the Structure of a Stable Nucletron (NUC)

1. All stable NUCs are made of outphased protons that attract each other.

2. Equiphased protons by repelling each other cannot be part of any stable NUC.

3. The outphased protons that are in contact become equiphased and, as such, they cannot be part of a NUC. Because of that, the outphased protons of a NUC must have between them neutron-buffers (nebs).

Alpha- particle that is identical to the Helium-4 NUC. Ernest Rutherford   4. The simplest and most abundant stable formation is the one made of two protons that are interlinked through a doubled interlinked bridge (DIB). Those populous particles that are interlinked with a DIB, called alpha particles (discovered and named by Ernest Rutherford), are in fact the NUCs of the mentioned Helium-4.

5. The evenness or oddness of the number of protons and neutrons of a long-lived nucletron (NUC) must plays an important factor in its stability, with the odd NUCs to be far less stable. And that is because of the DIBs that are made of a pair of neblinks.

 

NUC-Diagrams' Legend: "<"--Proton; "="--Neutron

The NUCs of the first six Chemical Elements

Deuterium [rare stable isotope]

Hydrogen (₁H) by having only one proton in its nucleus, called also protium, has another stable isotope, called deuterium (²H), that contains one proton and one neutron. The naturally occurring isotope containing two neutrons, called tritium, is an unstable radioactive element, being thus a degenerated element of Nature.

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Helium-3 (3He) [stable and less abundant ]		Helium-4 (4He) [stable and most abundant ]

Helium (₂He) with two protons in its nucleus, has two stable isotopes. Its most abundant isotope is the one that contains a DIB in its nucleus, generating thus the formation of 2 protons (2P) and 2 neuteons (2N), aka (2P+2N), denoted as ⁴He. Its rarest stable isotope is the one containing not the DIB, but the singular neblink (2P+1N). That rare isotope, denoted as ³He, is difficult to be formed because of its NUC configuration of having two outphased protons (2P) interlinked with only one neblink.

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Lithium-4 (4Li) [unstable]		Lithium-6 (6Li) [stable and less abundant ]		Lithium-7 (7Li) [stable and more abundant ]

Lithium (₃Li) has 3 protons (P). The NUC with 4 neutrons that is (3P+4N) generates by far its most stable isotope (denoted as ⁷Li), because with that formation each proton can be anchored with any other proton through three (3) neblinks. The other stable, but less abundant isotope (denoted as ⁶Li), has its NUC composed of 3N+3P can generate only two (2) neblinks for each of its 3 protons (P).

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Beryllium-9: 4P+5N [sole stable isotope]

Beryllium (₄Be) has 4 protons. Its sole possible isotope, Beryllium-9 (⁹Be), is the one whose NUC has 5 neutrons that are able to establish three (3) neblinks for each proton (<) as represented in the diagram above.

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Boron-10: (10B) [stable and less abundant ]		Boron-11: (11B) [stable and more abundant ]

Boron (₅B) with 5 protons has two stable isotopes:

the one, with 5 neutrons (5P+5N) --the B-10 (10B) and, the more abundant one (because of its greater stability), with 6 neutrons (5P+6N) --the B-11 (11B), as represented in the diagram above.

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Carbon-12 (12C): 6P+6N [stable and most abundant ]		Carbon-13 (13C): 6P+7N [stable and far less abundant ]

Carbon (₆C) with 6 protons has two stable isotopes: the one with 6 protons and the other more rare with 7 protons as represented in the diagram above.

Niels Bohr

On the Electron Configuration (ELcon) within the Atom The Rutherford-Bohr Transcendent (RUBOT) Model

Ernest Rutherford

While the structure of a stable atomic nucleus (NUC) is relatively simple, being a proton-neutron interplay following established geometrical patters to ensure that its protons remain outphased, the electron configuration (ELcon) within the atom, on the other hand, is considerable more complex.

Each outphased proton of a spinning NUC (whose spin was created, at its very formation, from various formative collisions) will generate an uneven undulated globular inflow field-wave called the wavelon ball (wab) around it. That wab will have, in it, a circular "valley" --called valon-- that is shaped by the proton's influx-outflux cycle.

Through the field superimposition, NUCs with more than one outphased proton, would create around them circular stratified "valleys" (aka valons) whose distance from the NUC will increase --by superimposition-- with the increase of number of its protons. The "loose" or "free" electrons from a NUC's surrondings will be sucked-in through Downlev (by the inflow field generated by the NUC's protons) into the existing valons. Those electrons, in addition, will acquire a a back-and-forth oscillatory spin (ospin) due to the different angles and the strength of attraction coming from the NUC.
When the 1st stratified valon become completely occupied, the remaining "free" electrons will be pushed by the electrons of the 1st valon to the subsequent 2nd stratified valon, and so on. That electron-push is done through the electron's inherent XB-cloud. We can talk, as such, about the electron packing (ELpack) of a valon and of a maximum number of electrons that can be packed into a valon called maxpack.

The ELpack Saturation Theorem (TELSAT)

Maxpacks do not depend on the size of valons.

Proof: We begin with the recognition that the electron's XB-cloud varies in size with the ergolevel (erL) of its surrounding environment (being smaller, i.e., being shrunken more), the higher the density of its environmental xenofluid (eXF). To this, we add another recognition, namely that the field-density of a valon decreases proportionally with the distance from the NUC. The proportionality between the valon's field rarefaction and the electron's XB-cloud variation is the key in here. QED.

A valon that is packed to its fullest is said to be saturated (SAT). The unsaturated (UNSAT) valons, on the other hand, are those that have room in accepting additional electrons. The exact numbers of electrons required for a particular valon to become saturated (i.e., the maxpack) is a number that only can be obtained from experimental data.

In the next page, with the use of experimental data and additional inferences of the electron configuration (ELcon) of atoms, a magic maxpack number eight (8) will pop-out as being a preferred tendency for many atoms to acquire for their outer valon (called ovalon). A locked-in, most stable saturated ovalon (satov) of eight (8) electrons is being created.

Now since the wab has its "roots" into the spinning NUC from where it emerged, it follows that the wab (with its valons) will spin together. The residing embedded electrons (ELs) into the valons, will thus be dragged to rotate around the NUC generating, as such, circular tracks called the electrons' rings (elrings or, in short, elR).

A radically new picture begins now to emerge: the ospinning electrons (ELs) residing in the rotating valons will begin, from their inception, to rotate around the NUC, creating the elrings, as part of their spinning wab.

This recognition, that the ospinning electrons around the NUC are rotating because the valons into which they are embedded is rotating (with the spinning wab), is radically different from Niels Bohr's planetary model that was evolved from Ernest Rutherford's model. We call now this newly radical atomic model of electron configuration (ELcon), the Rutherford-Bohr Transcendent (RUBOT) model, where the electrons of the atom are rotating around the NUC, not of their own, but because they are carried by their spinning valons.

 

On the Chemical Elements Variants (CEVs) in Nature

A pair of protons of a stable NUC, of course, can be interconnected not only with a NEB but also, in addition or separately, with a pab, generating, as such, the neutron-variants (nevas) of a stable NUC, called isotopes. Thus, to a particular chemical element (chemel), we can associate its corresponding istopes. For instance, the mentioned Helium-3 and Helium-4 are said to be the isotopes of the Helium.

Stable NUCs cannot increase in size indefinitely. And that is because, as already noted, there is a finite maximum number (maxin) of permanent outphased protons that can exist for an atomic nucleus (NUC) to remain stable. And that maxin was found experimentally to be 82 corresponding to the chemical element Lead (in Latin plumbum and denoted with the symbol ₈₂Pb).
Natural radioactivity (narad) begins with atoms whose NUCs contains at least two distant equiphased protons. The more equiphased protons an atom has, the more radioactive or instable it becomes. Narad begins with the chemical element following Polonium (₈₄Po) because Bismuth (₈₃Bi) that follows Lead (₈₂Pb) is a transitional extremely weak radioactive element.

F. Soddy	M. Todd	.	An atom, i.e., a chemical element (chemel), is defined by the number of protons its NUC has. However, the number of neutron-buffers that a chemical element has can vary within certain limits dictated by its stability requirement. Those neutron-variants (nevas) of a chemical element are called, as stated above, its isotopes. The word 'isotope' was introduced in 1913 by the English radiochemist Frederick Soddy at the suggestion of the Scottish MD and writter Margaret Todd.
• The natural stable isotopes are indeed the embryonal players of Nature (epons). • The short-lived, unstable isotopes, on the other hand, are the "rejects" of Nature (rons). However, because of their abundance, rons play indeed a significant role in shaping up Nature creating the so-called cosmic rays (corays).

As with respect to the electron-variants (elvas) within an atom, a proton can attract more than one electron and as such, a NUC can hold more electrons than the number of its protons, resulting thus in the creation of negatively charged chemical elements.
In a reverse, a chemical element, once formed, could be subjected to a "bombardment" of radiation from its environment creating a situation where some its electrons would be knocked out, creating now a positively charged chemical element. Thus, through an environmental bombardment (enbo), depending of its intensity, a chemical element may acquire or loose one or more electrons transforming itself from a neutral particle into a charged one. Those electron-variants (elvas) of a chemical element (chemel) are called its ions.

M. Faraday

When through that enbo, a chemel acquires one or more free electrons, it will transform itself into a negatively charged chemel -- that is, a negatively charged ion called an anion. And, to the contrary,       When through that enbo, a chemel looses --by being knocked out-- one ore more of its electrons, it will transform itself into a positively charged chemel --that is, a positively charged ion called a cation. All those concepts of ions, with the anion and cation, were introduced in 1834 by Michael Faraday.

Thus, to a chemical element (chemel), we can associate its double sided variants: the isotopes and its charged ions (i.e., its anions and cations).

On the Neutron Stability

.Unlike the proton (PR), the neutron (NT) is a composite unit formed out of a high-speed collision between a proton and an electron resulting in the formation of a unit made of a naked proton (nakep) and a naked electron (nakel) --particle stripped of their charges. Thus, for the neutron --as a composite particle, unlike as for the proton that is not [sic!], we need to entertain the problem of its stability.

On the Dual Stability/Instability Characteristics of the Neutron   While In/Out of Atomic Nuclei (NUCs)

The neutron (NT) is devoid of a charge, being thus neutral, because its constituents --the naked proton (nakep) and the naked electron (nakel) have been stripped of their respective charges.

The key player in determining the Neutron's stability/instability is Downlev that operate only above the ergobase (erB) line. Now, since the ergolib (erLib) of the NUC is below the ergobase (erB), it follows as already noted, that Downlev cannot reach the NUC. As such, inside the NUC, the Neutron is safe and stable.

For a Neutron outside of the NUC, we have a different situation, as there the environmental xenofluid (eXF), by being above the ergobase (erB) line, will force --through Downlev -- the Neutron to break-up.

In short, the limitation of Downlev to reach the atom assures the neutron's stability in the NUC. We repeat this important result as follows:

Inside the atom, the neutron together with the outphased protons form the NUC-unit that is below the BALE ergoline and, as such, it is not subject to the influence of Downlev. And that is because the outphased protons form, collectively, a permanent ergoHole (erH) entity. That lack of influence from Downlev provides the stability of the Neutron while it is into the NUC. Outside the atom, the "free" neutron, that now is separated from the atom's protons, is no longer immune from the influence of the environmental Downlev. As such, the environmental xenofluid (eXF) medium, by Downlev, will force the disintegration of the neutron by separating the naked electron (nakel) from the naked proton (nakep). Both now, the "naked" electron and the "naked" proton will gradually retake their respective original states of a "full-fledged" particles regaining their charges: with the electron (regaining its XB-cloud) and with the proton becoming "active" again (regaining its coverlon (COV) mantle).

On the "Temperature" of Stable Chemical Elements

As recognized, all stable NUCs will contain only outphased protons. Thus, in a stable NUC, only one of its proton is saturated, the rest being unsaturated. As such, at any given time, NUCs will emit only one single ergon.

Depending on the number of protons that a stable NUC has, the emitted ergon can be absorbed in full, partially or not all by the NUC. And that is because, in their influx phases, the protons of a NUC can --depending of their number-- absorb entirely, partially, or not at all, the released ergon of a saturated proton that has reached its outburst moment. In fact, the NUC containing only one single proton is the only NUC that cannot absorb or retain any portion of an emitted ergon.

The stable chemels that are able to release in their environment all of their produced ergons, in full, are the "hot" chemels, called hotons; those that are able to release only a portion of their produced ergons are the "warm" chemels, called warmons; and finally, those chemels that are not able to release at all (totally or partially) its produced ergons are the "cold" chemels, called coldons.

The less number of protons a NUC has, the "warmer" that chemel is going to be. And that is because a produced ergon-radiation in the NUC will be able to escape more readily (totally or partially) into the surrounding environment when it encounters a weaker global proton-influx generated by a lesser number of protons. In the reverse, that is to recognize that the more number of protons a NUC has, the "colder" that chemel is going to be due to the increase in magnitude of the global proton-influx created that is able to absorb a greater portion of the ergon-radiation. As such, the "hottest" chemels are the chemels with the lowest number of protons and the "coldest" chemel is the one with the maximum number of protons: with the Hydrogen (1H) atom being the sole hoton in Nature and, followed with the Helium (2He) atom by being the hottest warmon; and with the Lead (82Pb) atom as being the "coldest." BTW, There is no accident that all stars are made of those two "hottest" chemels: H and He. In addition, since those two chemels are the simplest elements of Nature, they are also the most abundant in the outer cosmic space. The ergons released from hotons and warmons generate also the cosmic background radiation (COBAR). Finally, temperature, as we have seen in studying the origin of gravity, plays a pivotal role in the gravity's strenght. That gravitation strenght also varies in chemels with the most strenght being provided by the "coldest" coldon, i.e., by the Lead (82Pb) atom.

With the new blueprint of the atomic configuration vested in RUBOT, the next challenge at the horizon is to decipher the main classification and characteristics of chemels --the subject for the next undertaking.